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osteodesis

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fusion of bones

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terms list

osteodesis

fusion of bones

osteopexy

surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall

trephination

process of cutting a hole into a bone using a trephine

trephine

circular, sawlike instrument used to remove bone or tissue

smooth muscle

non striated, involuntary, visceral

cardiac muscle

striated, involuntary

skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary

fascia

sheet of connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles

tendon

narrow band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

aponeurosis

fibrous sheet that gives attachment to muscular fibers and is a means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle

antagonistic

muscles that work against or opposite each other

synergists

muscles that contract at the time as another muscle to help movement or support movement

tonus

AKA muscle tone; balanced muscle tension

abductor

muscle that moves a part away from midline

adductor

muscle that moves a part toward midline

flexor

muscle that bends a limb at the joint or decreases the joint angle

extensor

muscle that straightens a limb or increases muscle angle

supinator

muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upward

pronator

muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface downward

epaxial muscles

located above the pelvic axis

rectus

muscles that align with the vertical axis of the body

oblique

muscles that slant outward away from midline

transverse

muscles that form crosswise to midline

rhomboideus

diamond shaped muscles

serratus

saw-toothed muscles

kneme

leg

atonic

lacking muscle control

ataxia

lack of voluntary control of muscle movement; "wobbliness"

fasciitis

inflammation of the fascia

laxity

looseness

leiomyositis

inflammation of smooth muscle

myasthenia

muscle weakness

myoclonus

spasm of muscle

myositis

inflammation of voluntary muscles

tetany

muscle spasms or twitching

extrinsic muscles

six muscles that attach the outside of the eyeball to the bones of the orbit

meibomian glands

sebaceous glands on the margins of each eyelid; AKA tarsal glands

conjunctiva

mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid

nictitating membrane

conjunctival fold attached at the medial canthus that moves across the cornea when the eyelids close

sclera

white fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the shape of the eye

cornea

transparent anterior portion of the sclera; provides most of the focusing power of the eye

choroid

opaque middle layer of the eye that contains blood vessels and supplies blood for the entire eye

tapetum lucidum

brightly colored iridescent reflecting tissue layer of the choroid

iris

pigmented muscular diaphragm of the choroid that surrounds the pupil; contract or relax to adjust the amount of light entering eye

mydriasis

pupillary dilation

miosis

pupillary constriction

lens

clear, flexible, curved capsule located behind the iris and pupil

cilliary body

thickened extension of the choroid that assists in accommodation or adjustment of lens

retina

nervous tissue layer of the eye that receives images; contains cones and rods

rods

cells of the retina that react to light

cones

cells of the retina that react to color and define detail

optic disk

AKA blind spot; region of the eye where nerve endings of the retina gather to form the optic nerve

aqueous humor

watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye; nourishes intraocular structures and is responsible for intraocular pressure (IOP)

vitreous humor

soft, clear, jelly-like mass that fills the vitreous chamber

refraction

process of the lens bending the light rays to help them focus on the retina; AKA focusing

convergence

simultaneous inward movement of both eyes

fluorescein dye stain

diagnostic test to detect corneal injury by placing dye onto the surface of the cornea

palpebral reflex

diagnostic test in which the eye should blink in repsonse to touch to the medial canthus of the eye; used in neurological assesment of cranial nerves V and VII and to assess depth of anesthesia

Schirmer tear test

diagnostic test using a graded paper to measure tear production

tonometry

procedure using an instrument to indirectly measure intraocular pressure

Schoitz tonometer

example of an applanation tonometer

amblyopia

dimness or loss of sight without detectable eye disease

anisocoria

condition of unequal pupil size

proptosis

displacement of the eye from the orbit

convergent strabismus

deviation of the eyes toward each other; crossed eyes

epiphoria

excessive tear production

floaters

particles that cast shadows on the retina suspended in the vitreous fluid

hordeolum

infection of one or more glands of the eyelid; AKA stye

hypotropia

deviation of one eye downward

nyctalopia

condition of inability or difficulty seeing at night; AKA night blindness

monochromatism

lack of ability to distinguish colors; AKA color blindness

panophthalmitis

inflammation of all eye structures

strabismus

disorder in which the eyes are not directed in a parallel manner; deviation of one or both eyes

enucleation

removal of the eyeball

tarsorraphy

suturing together of the eyelids

eustachian tube

narrow duct that leads from middle ear to the nasopharynx; helps equalize air pressure in the middle ear with that of the atmosphere

organ of Corti

spiral organ of hearing located in the cochlea that receives and relays vibrations

vertigo

sense of dizziness

tarsus

platelike frame within the upper and lower eyelids

malleus

auditory ossicle known as the hammer

incus

auditory ossicle known as the anvil

stapes

auditory ossicle known as the stirrup

tympanic bulla

osseous chamber at the base of the skull

distichiasis

abnormal condition of a double row of eyelashes that usually result in conjunctival injury

nuclear sclerosis

drying out of the lens with age

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