The Respiratory System Theory Flashcard

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a body system with 5 functions of providing extensive surface area for gas exchange between air & blood, moving air to & from exchange surfaces of lungs, protecting respiratory surfaces from outside environment, producing sounds, and participating in olfactory sense; components are nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli

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respiratory system

upper respiratory system

a part of the respiratory system above the larynx

lower respiratory system

a part of the respiratory system below the larynx

conducting portion

part of the respiratory tract from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles

respiratory portion

part of the respiratory tract consisting of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

alveoli

air-filled pockets in the lungs where gas exchange takes place

respiratory epithelium

a type of epithelium which changes along the respiratory tract

alveolar epithelium

very delicate simple squamous epithelium containing scattered specialized cells, covering exchange surfaces of alveoli

goblet cells, mucous glands

part of the respiratory defense system on the respiratory epithelium; produces mucus that bathes exposed surfaces

cilia

part of the respiratory defense system on the respiratory epithelium; sweeps debris trapped in mucus toward pharynx (mucus escalator)

respiratory defense system

consists of a series of filtration mechanisms that remove particles and pathogens from the respiratory tract

external nares

part of the upper respiratory tract where air enters the respiratory system, also called nostrils, into the nasal vestibule

nasal vestibule

part of the upper respiratory tract which contains nasal hairs (1st particle filtration system)

nasal septum

part of the upper respiratory tract which divides the nasal cavity into left and right

pharynx

a chamber shared by the digestive & respiratory systems, extending from the internal nares to the entrances to the larynx & esophagus

nasopharynx

the superior portion of the pharynx containing the pharyngeal tonsils & openings to left & right auditory tubes

oropharynx

the middle portion of the pharynx which communicates with the oral cavity

laryngopharynx

the inferior portion of the pharynx, extending from the hyoid bone to the entrance to the larynx & esophagus

larynx

a cartilaginous structure formed by 3 large, unpaired cartilages surrounding the glottis

thyroid cartilage

part of the larynx also called Adam's apple, made of hyaline cartilage with ligaments attached to hyoid bone, epiglottis, and laryngeal cartilages; forms anterior & lateral walls of larynx

cricoid cartilage

part of the larynx made of hyaline cartilage with ligaments attached to first tracheal cartilage; forms posterior portion of larynx & articulates with arytenoid cartilages

epiglottis

part of the larynx made of elastic cartilage with ligaments attached to thyroid cartilage & hyoid bone

trachea

also called windpipe; extends from cricoid cartilage to the mediastinum where it branches into right & left pulmonary bronchi; had 15-20 tracheal cartilages

bronchial tree

primary bronchi & their branches; right primary bronchus is larger in diameter than left & descends at steeper angle

extrapulmonary bronchi

the left & right bronchi outside the lungs

intrapulmonary bronchi

bronchi branches inside the lungs

carina

an internal ridge separating the right & left primary bronchi

secondary bronchi

each primary bronchus branches to form one of these going to each lobe; also called lobar bronchi

tertiary bronchi

branches of secondary bronchi also called segmental bronchi, which supply air to single bronchopulmonary segments; each one forms 6500 terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

each delivers air to a single primary lobule which is supplied by pulmonary arteries & veins; branches inside lobule forming several respiratory bronchioles where gas exchange takes place

asthma

excess bronchoconstriction

bronchioles

branched from tertiary bronchi; no cartilage, diameter <1mm; smooth muscle in wall controlled by ANS (sympathetic causes bronchodilation, parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction)

lungs

found in the pleural cavities with landmarks of apex, base (resting on superior surface of diaphragm), hilium, and root; right side is wider as it is displaced upward by liver; left side is longer due to being displaced leftward by heart

deep fissures

separate lobes of lungs

superior, middle, inferior

lobes of right lung separated by horizontal & oblique fissures

superior, inferior

lobes of left lung, separated by oblique fissure

cardiac notch

formed due to the left lung being displaced leftward by the heart

surfactant

an oily secretion, containing phospholipids & proteins, that coats alveolar surfaces & reduces surface tension

respiratory distress

happens if septal cells don't produce enough surfactant, and alveoli collapse & respiration is difficult

pleurae

a double-layered sac surrounding each lung consisting of parietal pleura & visceral pleura (lubricated by pleural fluid); help divide the thoracic cavity into central mediastinum & 2 lateral pleural compartments

pleural cavity

potential space between visceral & parietal pleurae

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