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conjecture, will Example: 그렇게 전해 드리겠습니다.
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terms list
-겠
conjecture, will Example: 그렇게 전해 드리겠습니다.
-다가
on the way Example: 출근을 하다가 교통사고를 당했어요.
-지 못하다
can not Example: 회의에 참석하지 못해서 죄송합니다.
-지 않다
is/do not Example: 전화했지만 연락이 되지 않았어요.
-으(면) 되다
it would be good Example: 여기에 성함과 주소를 써 주시면 됩니다.
-로
into Example: 홍콩 달러로 바꿔 주세요.
-아(어/여) 주다/ 드리다
to give Example: 현금카드도 만들어 주실 수 있어요?
-고 싶다
would like to Example: 통장을 만들고 싶어요.
-요
particle used during casual speech, attaches to objects and subjects or verbs, stands for a known verb Example: 미국에 송금하려고요
-아(어/여) 보다
to try Example: 설악산에 한번 가 보고 싶었어요.
-(으)ㄴ적이 있다(없다)
to have experienced Example: 생선회 먹어 본 적 있어요?
-(으)ㄴ 지 + time word + 되다
since Example: 한국에 온 지 1년쯤 되었지요?
-도록
so that, in order that, in order to
-대신
instead
아/어/여 버리다
to wind up doing something by accident, boldly doing something, getting it done quickly
-(으)ㄹ까 하다
예문: 내일 그 남자를 만날까 합니다
(I'm) thinking of doing
아(어/여) 지다
예문: 날씨가 점점 추워 집니다
'is getting or is becoming + Adj.
-더니:
예문: 마이클이 공부를 열심히 하더니 시험에 합격했어요.
since, and now
-(으)ㄹ 테니(까)
예문:내가 지금 갈 테니(까) 기다려
'(one) will do..., so...'
-때문에
예문: 비 때문에 안 가고 싶어요
'because of'
-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 지
예문: 누가 그 파티에 갔는 지 모르겠어요
The connective '-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 지' indicates the result of the verification of an action or a state
-(으)ㄹ 생각/계획/예정/작정이에요
예문: 내일 집에 갈 생각이에요
have a thinking, plan or intention
N. + (이)라(서)
as...being," "since it is," "because it is"
요즘은 방학이라(서) 한가해요．
=> I am not busy these days because I'm on vacation.
에이미는 제 친구라(서) 자주 놀러 와요．
=> As Amy is my friend, she often comes to see me.
내일이 친구 생일이라서 선물을 사야 돼요．
=> Because tomorrow is my friend's birthday, I have to buy a present.
This connective is similar to -(이)기 때문에 or -(이)어서 and is used in presenting a cause, condition, or conviction. -(이)라서 is used more colloquially than -(이)기 때문에 or -(이)어서.
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A.V. + (으)려고 하다
"to intend to," "to plan to" "going to"
이번 학기에는 한국말을 공부하려고 한다．
=> I'm planning to study Korean this semester.
내일 비행기 표를 사려고 해요．
=> I plan to buy the airplane ticket tomorrow.
신문을 읽으려고 했는데， 너무 어려운 단어가 많았어요．
=> I was going to read the newspaper, but it had too many difficult words.
Sentence ending V. + 네요
This informal sentence ending indicates that the speaker is making a remark. The speaker is not trying to inform the listener about something or get a response from him/her.
한국에 온지 한 달이 되네요.
=> It's been a month since I came to Korea.
아기가 아침부터 이렇게 우네요.
=> The baby has been crying since morning.
한국에 가면 재미있겠네요?
=> Wouldn't it be fun if you went to Korea?
V. + ㄹ/을 거예요
"I think/expect it will . . ."
This colloquial form of -을 것이에요 is an intimate statement ending for a future or expected event. Implicit in it is the speaker's expectation of what can happen or could have happened. Its formal ending is -ㄹ/을 겁니다, and its intimate short ending is -ㄹ/을 거야.
방학이라 아마 집에 없을 거예요.
=> Since it's vacation (now), he won't be home.
방학이라 아마 집에 없었을 거예요.
=> As it was vacation, he must not have be home.
주말이라서 길이 복잡할 거예요.
=> Because it's a weekend, the roads will be crowded.
주말이라서 길이 복잡했을 겁니다.
=> Because it was a weekend, the roads must
have been crowded.
5. V. + 어/아야 하(되)다
=> V. + 어/아야 하 다 "must," "have to," "should"
=> V. + 어/아야 되다 "must," "have to," "should"
일 학년 학생은 모두 기숙사에 살아야 해요.
=> First-year students must live in a dormitory.
건강하려면 하루에 한번씩 걸어야 해요.
=> To be healthy, one must take a walk daily.
한국어를 잘 하려면, 연습을 많이 해야 돼요.
=> To speak Korean well, one has to practice a lot.
짜지 않은 음식을 먹어야 했어요.
=> When I was sick, I had to eat bland food.
Special use of -이/가 and -을/를
Attention must be given to the choice of case marker or postposition for some verbs
that appear to be transitive but in fact are intransitive in Korean. (A transitive verb is one that requires a direct object, and an intransitive verb is one that does not need a direct object.)
a. Some verbs seem to be transitive in English but require the subject marker -이/가 in Korean: 필요하다 "to need," 되다 "to become," 있다 "to have."
b. Some verbs seem to be intransitive but require the direct object marker 을/를 in Korean: 가다 "to go," 걷다 "to walk," 날다 "to fly," 다니다 "to attend."
(a)
필요하다: 외국어를 배우는 학생은 사전이 필요하다.
=> A student who studies a foreign
language needs a dictionary.
되다: 도날드는 벌써 선생이 됐다.
=> Donald had already become a teacher.
있다/없다: 우리도 차가 없어요.
=> We too have no cars.
(b)
걷다: 아이들이 길을 걷는다.
=> Children are walking on the road. (아이 child)
날다: 새가 하늘을 난다.
=> Birds are flying in the sky
Non-polite (intimate or plain) style speech
The non-polite style of speech is also known as intimate style or plain style speech. Non-polite style speech is used among social equals, by superiors to subordinates, and in intimate relationships.
Non-polite style speech employs different endings, depending on the tense and sentence type, as follows. (See also the intimate style speech chart below.)
a. Statement
Present
지금 돈이 하나도 없어.
=> I have no money now.
나는 아직 한국어가 서툴러.
=> I'm not yet fluent in Korean.
여기가 서울역이야.
=> Here is Seoul Station.
Past
어제는 돈이 있었어.
=> I had money yesterday.
어제는 추웠어.
=> It was cold yesterday.
Future
내일은 차가 생길 거야.
=> Tomorrow I'll have a car.
그분이 내년에 선생님이 될 거야.
=> Next year, he will become a teacher.
b. Question
Present
한국에서 전화하니?
=> Are you calling from Korea?
얘가 네 동생이야?
=> Is this kid your younger sister/brother?
지금 시간 좀 있니?
=>Do you have time right now?
Past
언제 왔어?
=>When did you come?
그 분이 네 선생님이셨어?
=>Was he your teacher?
편지 썼니?
=>Did you write the letter?
그게 숙제였니?
=>Was it the homework?
future
전화 할 거야?
=>Will you call?
전화 할 거니?
=>Will you call?
c. "Let's"
Present
자, 떠나자.
=> Well, let's take off/leave.
학교에 가자.
=> Let's go to school.
d. Command
present
숙제 해.
=> Do your homework.
밥 먹어(라).
=> Eat your meal.
집에 일찍 오너라.
=> Come home early.
e. Exclamation
Present
저 나무가 참 빨리 자라는구나!
=> How fast the tree is growing!
시간이 빨리도 가는구나!
=> Ah, time goes fast!
조심해, 차가 온다!
=> Watch out, a car is coming!
날씨가 좋다!
=> /The weather is nice!
이것이 바로 내가 찾던 것이다!
=> This is just what I was looking for!
Past
너희들, 벌써 밥을 먹었구나.
=> All of you have already finished your meal.
숙제를 다 했다. (만세!)
=> (I) finished all my homework. (Hooray!)
V. + ㄹ/을까(요)?
"would it . . . ?," "do you think it will . . . ?"
Although this question generally solicits the listener's opinion, it requires different responses depending on the context of the question.
a. Inviting "yes-no" answer
: "would you like to . . . ?," "shall we . . . ?"
When the subject is we, this question invites the listener's permission or agreement.
이것을 같이 의논해 볼까요?
=> Shall we discuss this together?
이따 점심 식사를 같이 할까요?
=> Shall we have lunch together later?
네, 좋아요. 같이 식사합시다.
=> Yes, that's good. Let's eat together.
b. Asking for an opinion
: "do you think . . . ?"
When the subject of the sentence is a third person (he, she, or they), it asks for the
listener's opinion.
김 선생님이 학교에 오실까요?
=> Do you think Mr. Kim will come to school?
내일은 날씨가 좋을까요?
=> Do you think it will be nice tomorrow?
아마 좋을 거예요.
=> Probably, it will be nice.
c. Asking for advice
: "Which is better . . . ?," "Shall I do this . . . or that . . . ?"
When the subject is I, the question asks for the listener's advice.
제가 한가지 여쭈어 볼까요?
=> Shall I ask a question?
제가 그 분에게 전화해 볼까요?
=> Shall I telephone him?
공항에 가는데 공항 버스를 탈까요, 택시를 탈까요?
=> I am going to the airport; shall I take an airport bus or a cab?
택시는 비싸니까 공항 버스를 타세요.
=> Since a taxi is expensive, please take the airport bus.
V. + (으)니까
"because," "since," "as," "for"
This causal connective often omits 까 and becomes (으)니. It is used with a question or a "let's" sentence.
시간이 없으니까 빨리 가자.
=> Since we don't have much time, let's go right away.
그 동안 열심히 공부했으니까 잘 할 거예요.
=> Since you have studied hard, you will do well.
택시는 비싸니까 지하철을 탈까요?
=> Since taxi fare is expensive, should we take the subway?
약을 먹으니까 머리 아픈 게 없어졌다.
=> Because I took the medicine, I don't have a headache
A.V. + ㄹ/을게(요)
I/we will . . ."
This informal and colloquial ending indicates the speaker's intention. It may be used to indicate the intention of just the speaker.
제가 시간을 낼게(요).
=> I will make time.
제가 내주에 또 올게(요).
=> I will come again next week.
지금 약 먹을게.
=> I will take the medicine now.
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V. + ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 것
=> "-ing," "to . . . ," "the fact that . . ."
-ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 것 is a noun phrase, as shown in different tenses below:
배우다
=> to learn
배우는 것
=> thing(s) being learned
배운 것
=> thing(s) learned
배울 것
=> thing(s) to learn
단어를 배우는 것이 많다.
=> I am learning a lot of vocabulary.
단어를 배운 것이 많다.
=> I learned a lot of words.
단어를 배울 것이 많다.
=> I have a lot of words to learn.
Note that in colloquial usage, 것이 becomes 게.
단어를 배우는 게 많다.
=> I am learning a lot of vocabulary.
단어를 배운 게 많다.
=> I learned a lot of words.
단어를 배울 게 많다.
=> I have a lot of words to learn.
V. + 지 알다 =>"to know if/whether"
V. + 지 모르다 => "not to know if/whether"
알다 and 모르다 verbs use -지 to mean "how to" or "if/whether," as illustrated in the examples below. When a question pronoun, such as 언제, 어디, 왜, 누가, 어떤, 무슨 or 무엇, precedes this construction, the speaker is inquiring when, where, why, who, which, what kind, or what, respectively.
With a descriptive verb
그 비행기가 얼마나 넓은지 아세요?
=> Do you know how wide the airplane is?
어떤 선물이 좋은지 몰라요?
=> Don't you know which gift is appropriate?
With an action verb
요즘 창수가 무슨 책을 읽는지 아니?
=> Do you know what books Changsu is reading?
친구가 오늘 밤에 올지 몰라요.
=> I don't know whether my friend is coming tonight.
With a noun
그 사람이 누군지 알아요?
=> Do you know who the man is?
그 사람이 학생인지 모르겠어요.
=> He may be a student. / I don't know if he is a student.
In the past and future tenses
그 분이 한국에서 왔는지 알아요?
=> Do you know whether he came from Korea?
언제부터 서울이 수도였는지 몰라요.
=> I don't know how long (from when) Seoul has been the capital.
내일 경주가 그 책을 살지 몰라요.
=> I don't know if Kyung-ju is going to buy the book tomorrow.
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