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preserved remains of animal or plant
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terms list
fossil
preserved remains of animal or plant
erosion
wearing away earth materials by water, wind, or ice
slope
the part of a hill or mountain that is at an angle
canyon
a narrow chasm with steep cliff walls, cut into the earth by running water; a gorge
deposition
the process by which eroded earth materials settle out in another place
headwaters
the streams that make up the beginnings of a river
river mouth
the place where the river meets the ocean
Model
a representation of a object or process
Structure
something built by people, like a building
boundary
the limit or border of an area or region
Map
a drawing of an area, usually as though you were looking straight down on it
Cartographer
a person who makes maps
Grid
a network of vertical and horizontal lines that form squares
Symbol
a color, shape or texture used to represent something else on a map, such as a building, road, or landform
Key
an explanation of symbols used on a map
Drainage basin
a system of rivers and streams that drains an area like the Colorado Plateau
Landform
a shape or feature of the earth's surface, like a delta or canyon
Delta
a fan-shaped deposit of earth materials at a mouth of stream
Plateau
a large, nearly level area that has been lifted above the surrounding area
Sediments
eroded earth materials that have been deposited
Channel
the course or path the water takes in a stream or river
Meander
a curve or loop in a channel
Alluvial fan
a fan-shaped landform deposited at the end of a steep canyon where the slope becomes flatter; they are usually found in arid regions, like Death Valley
Flood
a very heavy flow of water, which is greater than the normal flow of water and goes over the stream's normal channel
Flash flood
rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning, usually as the result of very heavy rainfall over a relatively small area; flash floods can be caused by sudden heavy rainfall, dam failure, or the thaw of an ice jam
Levee
an embankment along a stream that protects land from flooding; levees can be natural or constructed dam - a construction or wall across a river that holds back the water flowing through the river, creating a reservoir or Lake
Floodplain
the area around a river that is covered by water flowing over the riverbank during a flood
Base
the bottom of a mountain
Contour line
a line on a topographic map that connects points of equal elevation
Contour interval
the difference in elevation between contour lines
Elevation
a vertical distance, or height, above sea level
Peak
the highest point of a mountain
Sea level
the average height of the ocean's surface, zero elevation
Topographic map
uses contour lines to show the shape and elevation of land's surface
Profile
a side view or cross-section of a landform such as a mountain
Bench mark
a surveyor's marker usually placed permanently in the ground at a known position an elevation
Perennial stream
always has water flowing in it
Ridge
a narrow area of high land between two valleys
Glacier
a large mass or body of moving ice
Valley
a low area between higher areas through which a river or stream often flows
Aerial photograph
a photograph of the earth's surface taken from an airplane or spacecraft flying above the earth
Scale
the ratio between a measured distance on a map to the actual distance in the real world
Surveyor
a person who measures and marks the distance, elevation, position, and boundaries of land areas
Bar scale
a ruler line on a topographic map that shows the scale representative
Fraction
tells the scale of a map as a ratio between distance on a map to distance in the real world
Rapids
a part of a river channel where the water moves rapidly over obstacles, such as large boulders; this is a landform on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon
Intermittent lake
contains water only during certain times of the year, such as the rainy season; it is a landform in Death Valley
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