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Spastic
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Upper motor neurones damage, excessive muscle tone, hyperactive muscle reflexes, imprecise articulation, hypernasality, low monotonous pitch. Common causes include: CVA, MND, MS, brain injury etc
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Spastic
Upper motor neurones damage, excessive muscle tone, hyperactive muscle reflexes, imprecise articulation, hypernasality, low monotonous pitch. Common causes include: CVA, MND, MS, brain injury etc
Flaccid
Lower motor neurone damage, weakness (paresis (partial loss of funcion) to paralysis(complete loss of function), reduced muscle tone, atrophy (loss of muscle bulk), diminished muscle reflexes, fasculations (involuntary firings of muscle group visible on tongue). Common causes include: Myasthenia Gravis, Brainstem stroke, Muscular Dystrophy, MND - progressive bulbar palsy
Hypokinetic
Very rarely seen in children. Common in Basal Ganglia disorders e.g. Parkinson's Disease, low volume (cannot control respiration well), reduced stress, slow or fast speech, initiation problems - initiating movement of speech
Hyperkinetic
There are two types: Dystonias and Chorea. Dystonias: Irregular articulation, harsh / strangled voice, involuntary control of facial movements. Chorea: variable rates and loudness, involuntary control (at some or all levels e.g. respiration and prosody)
Ataxic
Cerebellar involvement (coordination), irregular articulation, harsh voice, prolongation of sounds. Common causes include: Trauma (to back of head), MS, Friedrich's Ataxia, Cerebellar CVAs
Mixed
A combination of the five other dysarthria classifications: E.g.s include: degenerative - MS (Ataxic and Spastic) Degenerative - MND (UMN & LMN), Tumours (all), Trauma (all), Toxic metabolic e.g. Wilson's disease
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