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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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the division of the nervous system that is located within the skull and spine - composed of the brain and the spinal cord
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
the division of the nervous system that is located within the skull and spine - composed of the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
division of the nervous system that is located outside the skull and spine- composed of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system // most nerves project from the spinal cord with 12 pairs of exceptions (cranial nerves)
Somatic Nervous System (part of the ....)
the part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment // composed of afferent nerves carrying signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eye etc to the CNS // composed of efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System (part of the ....)
the part of the PNS that regulates the body's internal environment // afferent nerves carry sensory signals from internal organs to CNS and efferent nerves carry sensory signals from CNS to internal organs
Sympathetic nerves (in the .... system)
A type of efferent nerve, they are autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS to the lumbar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord
Parasympathetic nerves (in the .... system)
The second type of efferent nerve in the autonomic nervous system, they are autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord
Sympathic vs. Parasympathetic
Both types of neurons project from the CNS and go only part of the way to the target organs before they synapse on second-stage neurons -- SYMPATHETIC neurons synapse on second-stage neurons at a substantial distance from their target organs -- PARASYMPATHETIC neurons synapse on second-stage neurons near their target organs
Three Principles of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic "systems"
1) sympathetic nerves stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations, whereas parasympathetic nerves act to conserve energy -- 2) each autonomic target organ receives opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic input; organ's activity is controlled by relative levels of activity -- 3) sympathetic changes are indicative of psychological arousal / parasympathetic changes are indicative of psychological relaxation
Cranial Nerves (12 pairs) belonging to PNS
Longest cranial nerves are the vagus nerves (X) // olfactory nerves (I) // optic nerves (II) -- functions of cranial nerves are specific, disruptions of particular nerve functions provide excellent clues about the location and extent of tumours and other kinds of brain pathology
Nervous System (Formula ONE)
Nervous system --> Central Nervous System --> Brain + Spinal Cord
Nervous System (Formula TWO)
Nervous system --> Peripheral nervous system --> somatic nervous system + autonomic nervous system
Nervous System --> Peripheral Nervous System
--> Somatic Nervous System --> Afferent nerves + Efferent nerves
Nervous System --> Peripheral Nervous System
--> Autonomic nervous system --> Afferent nerves + Efferent nerves
Nervous System --> Peripheral Nervous System --> Autonomic Nervous System --> Afferent nerves + Efferent nerves
Where efferent nerves = Parasympathetic + Sympathetic nervous systems
Meninges (three)
The three protective membranes covering the CNS -- 1) dura mater (tough mother) // 2) arachnoid membrane and subarachnoid space (contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid) // 3) pia mater (adheres to the surface of the CNS)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain (which is all connected by a series of openings and thus form one reservoir) -- it supports and cushions the brain
Central Canal
the small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord (contains cerebrospinal fluid)
Cerebral ventricles
the four large internal chambers of the brain (two lateral ventricles, the third and fourth ventricles)
Choroid plexuses
Networks of capillaries (small blood vessels) that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater // networks of capillaries produce cerebrospinal fluid
Dural Sinuses
Large, blood filled spaces which run through the dura mater and drain into the large jugular veins of the neck -- excess cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed from the subarachnoid space
Cerebral Aqueduct
A narrow channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain -- should it become obstructed, fluid begins to build up causing the ventricle walls to expand resulting in a condition called HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalus
Results from a build-up of fluid in the ventricles, which causes the ventricle walls (and the brain) to expand // treatment: draining the excess fluid from the ventricles and trying to remove the obstruction
Blood-Brain Barrier
A barrier resulting from blood vessel walls that are tightly packed in the brain; they form a mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the the blood into the brain, as well as particular proteins and other large molecules // it does allow the active transport of some large molecules (like glucose (and sex hormones in regions involving sexual behaviour)) that are critical for normal brain function
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