flashcard
1 / 24
Front
Nervous system
❮ prev
next ❯
1 / 24
Back
-Sterile tissue area of the body
-brain, spinal cord (central nervous system CNS)
and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
❮ prev
next ❯
terms list
Nervous system
-Sterile tissue area of the body
-brain, spinal cord (central nervous system CNS)
and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Meninges
-protect the brain and spinal cord
-has 3 protective layers:
Blood brain barrier
-are the cells that make up the walls of blood vessels around the brain
-prohibits most microorganisms from passing into the CNS
-drugs and antibiotics are difficult to introduce into the CNS when needed
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
Meningoencephalitis
inflammation of the meninges and brain
Haemophilus influenzae meningitis
-Occurs mostly in children (6 months to 4 years)
-capsule antigen type b
-gram negative aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota
-prevented by Hib vaccine
Neisseria meningitidis
-causes the most serious forms of acute meningitis
-more common in adults
-gram negative diplococci
-also known as meningococcus
-polysaccharide capsule, protects against phagocytosis
-responsible for 25% of all meningitis cases
-need to have booster shot later in life
what are the 3 layers that protect the meninges?
-Dura mater: outermost layer
-Arachnoid mater: middle layer (contains cerebrospinal fluid)
-Pia mater: innermost layer
streptococcus pneumoniae
-also known as pneumococcus
-causes the majority of bacterial pneumonias
-most frequent cause of community acquired meningitis
-has polysaccharide capsule that protects against phagocytosis
-produces an alpha-hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide, both which can induce damage in the CNS
Listeria
-no capsule or endospore
-usually foodborne; can be transmitted to fetus
-not fastidious, resistant to cold, heat, salt, pH extremes and bile
-associated with contaminated dairy products, poultry, and meat
-causes meningitis and septicemia in elderly, immunocompromised, fetuses, and neonates
cryptococcus neoformans
-transmitted in bird droppings
-fungus that causes chronic meningistis
-have a very thick capsule
viral meningitis
-majority of cases in children
-90% causes by enteroviruses
-generally milder than bacterial meningistis
-resolves itself
Aseptic meningitis: viral meningitis is assumed when a patient shows symptoms but no bacteria or fungi are found in the CSF
what are types of organisms that can cause meningitis
-Neisseria meningistis
-streptococcus pneumoniae
-Haemophilus influenzae
-Listeria monocytogenes
-Cryptococcus neoformans
-Coccidioides
-Viruses
Neonatal and infant meningitis
-Usually the result of an infection transmitted by the mother in utero or during passage through the birth canal.
-two most common causes are streptococcus agalactiae and E.coli / listeria is also frequently found in neonates
Tetanus
-usually resides in soil and GI tracts of
animals
-endospore forming
-endospores are only produced under anaerobic conitions
-one of the worlds most preventable diseases
streptococcus agalactiae
-most frequent cause of neonatal meningitis
-all females get screened when pregnant
-colonizes 10 to 30% of female genital tracts
Tetanospasmin
-neurotoxin
-binds to target sites on peripheral motor neurons on the spinal cord, brain, and sympatheic nervous system
-blocks inhibition of muscle contraction, causing muscles to contract uncontrollably (like a muscle cramp)
-death results from paralysis of respiratory muscles and respiratory arrest
Botulism
-blocks neuro transmitter
-caused by an exotoxin
-associated with eating poorly preserved foods
-3 major forms of botulism:
food-borne botulism
infant botulism
wound botulism
Botulinum Toxin
-toxin travels from the bloodstream to the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles
-prevents the release of acetylcholine, resulting in flaccid paralysis
-utilized by doctors to treat uncontrolled muscle spasms, and other conditions
-also used for botox
African sleeping sickness
-transmitted by tsetse fly
-fever, enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes, joint pain
-extreme fatigue and sleep disturbances
-muscle tremors, slurred speech, seizures, local paralysis
-uncontrollable sleepiness during the day, sleeplessness at night
-death results from coma, secondary infections, and heart damage
Leprosy
-also called Hansen's disease
-grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells
-Tuberculoid (neural) form: loss of sensation in skin areas ; positive lepromin test
-Lepromatous (progressive) form: disfiguring nodules over body (losing limbs) ; negative lepromin test
tissues can die off
poliomyelitis (polio)
-inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, leading to paralysis of the limbs and muscles of respiration
-transmitted by ingestion
-destruction of motor cells and paralysis can occur
Rabies
-slow, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by fatal encephalitis
-two forms of rabies: Furious rabies and Dumb rabies
-both forms lead to a coma phase
-death results from cardiac or respiratory arrest
more from user
Identifications
42 items
en en
Commonly used abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms
174 items
en en
Dental Terminology
82 items
en en
Prefix/Suffix
39 items
en en
Cranial Nerve
26 items
en en
The cell cycle/cellular division
13 items
en en
common terms for regions of body
16 items
en en
Exam 1
38 items
en en
chapter 2-The chemistry of life
137 items
en en
Chapter 1
38 items
en en
regions of the body surface
42 items
en en
Chapter 21-26 Disease causes, Treatment, and prevention
78 items
en en
similars
Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System Chapter 22
60 items
en en
Mic 301- Nervous System Infection (Chapter 18)
49 items
en en
Bio Chapter 26 & 22( partial)
30 items
en en
Chapter 22
34 items
en en