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most of the peoples in the northeast were divided into two major language groups--those who spoke algonquian languages and those who spoke Iroquian languages; They lived in now-a-days new england Among these people were the Wampanoag in Massachusetts, the Narragansett in Rhode Island, and the Pequot in Connecticut; they practiced slash-and-burn agriculture and lived in longhouses or wigwams; they made beads of white and purple shells which recorded important events.
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Algonquian
most of the peoples in the northeast were divided into two major language groups--those who spoke algonquian languages and those who spoke Iroquian languages; They lived in now-a-days new england Among these people were the Wampanoag in Massachusetts, the Narragansett in Rhode Island, and the Pequot in Connecticut; they practiced slash-and-burn agriculture and lived in longhouses or wigwams; they made beads of white and purple shells which recorded important events.
Iroquois
most of the peoples in the northeast were divided into two major language groups--those who spoke algonquian languages and those who spoke Iroquian languages; stretched from the Hudson River across what is today New York and southern Ontario and north to Georgian Bay; they included the Huron, Neutral, Erie, Wenro, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk; practiced slash-and-burn agriculture; many villages were enclosed by wooden stokades and had longhouses or wigwams; made purple and white beads to tell significant events; structures look almost European; grouped by family/clan; suberbian; six nations that work together
Slash and Burn Agriculture
used by the Algonquian and Iroquois speaking people; by cutting down parts of forests and then burning the clear land, they were left with nitrogen-rich ashes, which they then worked into the soil, making it more fertile
Longhouses
many villages in the Northeast, enclosed by wooden stockades, had large rectangular longhouses with barrel-shaped roofs covered in bark
Wigwams
other people who did not live in longhouses built wigwams; these dwellings were wither conical or dome-shaped and were made using bent poles covered with hides or bark
Iroquois League
despite their similar cultures, war often erupted among the Iroquoian groups. in the late 1500s, five of the nations in western New York--the Senca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Mokawk--formed an alliance to maintain peace. This alliance was later called the Iroquois League or Iroquois Confederacy
Great Binding Law
The five nations of the Iroquois League agreed to the Great Binding Laws, a constitution that defined how the confederacy worked; 50 chiefs made up the ruling council were all men, but women who headed the kinship groups selected them; council members were appointed for life, but the women could get rid of them any time they wanted.
Feudalism
political system in which powerful leaders gave land to nobles exchange for pledges of loyalty and service; developed in western Europe due to the weakening central government; under this system, a king would give estates to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military support; eventually the nobles owning the land would become strong enough to raise their own arm, dispense justice, and even minted coins; by 1100 feudalism had spread throughout much of Europe. because the system lacked strong central government, warfare occured frequently in feudal society. As a result, most nobles built castles, or fortified manor houses, for defense.
Manorial System
A lord's manor varied in size. Each manor included the lord's house, pastures for livestock, fields for croping, forest, and a peasant village. While feudalism describes the political relationship between nobles, manorialism describes the economic ties between nobles and peasants. in return for protesction, peasants provided various services for the lord's land and making various payments of goods.
Serf
peasants rarely left the manor. Most were serfs, people who were bound to the manor and could not leave it without permission. Serfs were not considered enslaved, however, since they could not be sold from the land where they lived and worked. Serfs typically lived in tiny, one-roomed houses with dirt floors, a hole in the roof for a chimney, and one or two crude pieces of furniture.
Astrolabe
By studying Arab texts, western Europeans learned about the astrolabe, a device invented by the ancient Greeks and refinded by Arab navigators. An astrolabe uses the position of the sun to determine direction, latitude, and local time.
Lateen Sails
Navigational tools were important to exploration, but not as essential as ships capable of long-distance travel. Late in the 1400s, European shipwrights began to outfit ships with triangul-shaped lateen sails perfected by Arab traders. These sails made it possible for ships to sail against the wind
Caravel
In the late 1400s a Portuguese ship called the caravel incorporated all the improvements. A caravel was a small vessel capable of carrying about 130 tons of cargo. Because a caravel needed little water to sail, it allowed explorers to venture up shallow inlets and to beach the ships to make repairs. Caravels and ships with similar technology finally enabled Europe to explore the world.
Henry the Navigator
In 1419 Prince Henry of Portugal, known as Henry the Navigator, set up a center for astronomical and geographical studies at Sagres on Portugal's southwestern tip. He invited mapmakers, astronomers, and shipbuilders from throughout the Mediterranean world to come there to study and plan voyages of exploration
Christopher Columbus
With many Europeans stages eager to find a sea route to Asia, a few persons, including an Italian navigator named Christopher Columbus, became interested in sailing west across the Atlantic; His theory= favorable circular winds, thinks Atlantic can be crossed in a few days
Line of Demarcation
In 1493, to prevent a war between the two rival Catholic nations, Pope Alexander VI established a line of demarcation, an imaginary north-to-south line running down the middle of the Atlantic. This line granted Spain control of everything west of the line and Portugal control of everything east. King John II of Portugal accepted the idea of division, but he asked for the line to be moved farther west.
Treaty of Tordesillas
In 1494 the Spain and Portugal resolved their differences over the dividing line in the Treaty of Tordesillas, named for a town northwest of the Spanish capital, Madrid. The treaty moved the line almost 1000 miles to the west. The treaty did two things. It confirmed Portugal's right to control the route around Africa to India, and it also confirmed Spain's claim to the new lands of America.
Amerigo Vespucci
In 1499 an Italian named Amerigo Vespucci, sailing under the Spanish flag, repeated Columbus's initial attempt to sail west to Asia. Exploring parts of the coast of South America, he, like Columbus, assumed that he had reached Asia. He made his next voyage in 1501, this time commissioned by Portugal. He sailed far south along the coast of South America, and he eventually came to the conclusion that this large land mass could not be part of Asia. Later the continent, America, was named after him.
Juan Ponce de Leon
In 1513 the SPanish governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Leon, sailed north. According to a traditional story, he was searching for a wonderous fountain that was said to magically restore youth. He did discover a land full of blooming wildflowers and fragrant plants. Before leaving, he gave it the name Florida, which means land of flowers
Vasco de Balboa
In 1510 Vasco de Balboa, a planter from Hispaniola trying to escape his creditors, stowed away on a ship heading to the American mainland. There he found a colony on the Isthmus of Panama. After hearing tales from the Native Americans of a south sea that led to an empire of gold, Balboa hacked his way across steamy, disease-ridden jungles and swamps until he reached the opposite coast. There, in 1513, Balboa became the first European to reach the Pacific coast of America
Ferdinand Magellan
In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese mariner worker for Spain, discovered the strait later named for him at the southernmost tip of South America. After navigating its stormy narrows, he sailed into the ocean Balboa had seen. Its waters seemed to peacful, or pacific. Although Magellan died in the Philippine Isands, his crew continued west, arriving in Spain in 1522. They became the first known people to circumnavigate, or sail around, the globe.
Columbian Exchange
The arrival of European colonists in the Americas set in motion a series of complex interactions between people and environments. These interactions, called the Columbian Exchange, permantly altered the world's ecosystems and changed nearly every culture around the world.
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