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cytosol + organelles
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terms list
cytoplasm
cytosol + organelles
light microscope
max resolving power 0.22um
human eye
max resolving power 100um
differential centrifugation
allows study of biochemical composition
cell culture
allows study of mechanisms of cell growth
smooth ER
synthesis of steroids, cholesterol, triglycerides. Detox of drugs.
rough ER
protein synthesis. Covered by ribosomes.
Golgi apparatus
modification and packaging of proteins
cis-face
Golgi face closest to rough ER. Convex.
trans-face
Golgie face farthest from rough ER. Concave.
mitochondria
0.5-1um. Powerhouse.
cristae
smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane of mitochondria
peroxisome
0.2-1um. Contains oxidative enzymes. Catabolism of fatty acids.
lysosome
0.3-0.8um. Contains hydrolases. Acidic pH.
glycogen
10-40nm. Storage form of glucose
gated transport
cytosol to nucleous through nuclear pores (transport)
transmembrane transport
cytosol to ER lumen or mitochondria (transport)
vesicular transport
ER to golgi (transport)
phagocytosis
endocytosis of large vesicles
pinocytosis
endocytosis of small vesicles
apoptosis
programmed cell death. Chromatin condensation.
necrosis
occurs due to cellular injury
cytoskeleton
scaffolding of cell. Maintains shape, motility, transport, division
microfilament
6nm diameter. made of G-actin monomers.
intermediate filament
8-10nm diameter. Structural support for cell. Tetramer of two dimers.
microtubule
25nm diameter. Hollow cylinder w/ polarity.
fimbrin
actin binding protein in microvilli, filopedia
a-actinin
actin binding protein in stress fibers, muscle z-line
spectrin
actin binding protein in cell cortex
filamin
actin binding protein in leading edge, stress fibers
microvilli
0.5-10um long. Intestinal epithelium, increase SA.
Cytochalasins
secreted by fungi. Prevent actin polymerization.
Phalloidin
binds to and stabilizes actin filaments against depolymerization
keratin
intermediate filament for tissue strength/integrity in epithelial cells
desmin
intermediate filament in muscle
vimentin
intermediate filament in mesenchymal cells
GFAP
intermediate filament in glial cells
neurofilaments
intermediate filament in neurons
lamins
intermediate filament in nucleus. (A, B-inner, C)
cilia
central pair of tubules with dimers surrounding. Dynein arms, etc.
actin
microfilaments. monomeric, uses ATP, helix. 6nm
tubulin
microtubules. Dimeric, uses GTP, hollow tube. 25nm
Colchicine
inhibits addition of tubulin molecules leading to depolymerization
Colcemid
inhibits addition of tubulin molecules leading to depolymerization
Taxol
stabilizes tubulin. Used as cancer treatment
nuclear envelope
has continuous outer membrane with rough ER and inner membrane w nuclear lamin
nuclear pore
has 3 rings. Cytoplasmic and middle ring by 8 spokes. Nucleoplasmic has basket.
exportin
transports macromolecules into cytoplacm from nucleus
importin
transports proteins into nucleus
nucleolus
has fibrillar center, dense fibrillar components, granular component. Ribosome/rRNA factory.
heterochromatin
dense chromatin with little activity
euchromatin
light chromatin with high levels of activity
centrosome
microtubule organizing center (MTOC). Dense area
centriole
part of centrosome. Barrel shaped microtubular structure.
interphase
cell growth, RNA synthesis (cell division phase)
prophase
chromosomes condense, nucleolus disappears (cell division phase)
metaphase
chromosomes align at equator of mitotic spindles (cell division phase)
anaphase
sister chromatids separate, cleavage furrow develops (cell division phase)
telophase
cytokinesis, chromosomes unwind (cell division phase)
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