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a system of abstract symbols and rule-governed structures, the specific conventions of which are learned; may be spoken, written, signed
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Language
a system of abstract symbols and rule-governed structures, the specific conventions of which are learned; may be spoken, written, signed
Phonology
the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes
Communication
the sending and receiving of information, ideas, feelings or messages
Receptive language (comprehension, decoding)
what a person understands of what is said
Expressive language (production, encoding)
the words, grammatical structures, and meanings that a person uses verbally
Pragmatics
the rules for the use of language in social context and in conversation or the study of these rules
Semantics
the study of the meaning system of language
Semantic Development
the acquisition of words and their many meanings and the development of that knowledge into a complex hierarchical network of associated meanings
Syntax
the rules by which sentences are made, such forms as passives, declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives
Morphology
the rules that govern the use of morphemes in a language; for instance the morphology of English requires that plural endings vary according to the last sound of the word stem
Morpheme
the smallest unit of language having a distinct meaning, for example, a prefix, root work, or suffix
Speech
the oral expression of language
Speech Perception
a person's attention to the phonemes, rhythm, prosody, and lexical features of a language
Lexical
relating to words or vocabulary, as distinct from grammatical forms and construction
Lexicon
refers to all morphemes, including words and parts of words, that a child knows
Phonation
the physiologic process in which energy of moving air in the vocal tract is transformed into acoustic energy within the larynx
Phoneme
the shortest arbitrary unit of sound in a language that can be recognized as being distinct from other sounds in the language
Resonation/ Resonace
the quality of the voice that results from the vibration of sound in the pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity
Articulation
movement of the speech mechanism (articulators: mandible, lips, tongue, and soft palate) to produce the sounds of speech
Respiration (ventilation, pulmonary, ventilation, breathing)
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment
Speech chain
has six steps or links that describe the process by which brains connect to communicate
Linguistics
scientific study of the structure and function of language and the rules that govern language
Prelingustic/ preverbal vocalizations
occurring before the infant can speak
Cognition
mental processes associated with perception (obtaining information about our world), organization and storage of information, conceptual understanding, learning, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Perception
the ability to identify, interpret and attach meaning to sensory stimuli
Hearing
the perception of sound
Culture
the philosophies, values, attitudes, perceptions, religious and spiritual beliefs, educational values, language, customs, child-rearing practices, lifestyles and arts shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next
Auditory channel
hearing pathway
Neurological impulses
signals to/from the brain
Vocal-auditory channel
human beings communicate by forcing air through the vocal folds of the larynx and breaking the vibrating air stream into sounds of speech, which are organized into words and sentences that are received by the listener's ears
Broadcast transmission and Directional reception
when speech is produced, it radiates in all directions and can be received by any listener who is in range
Rapid fading
speech signals are transitory
Interchangeability
any human being can say anything that is said by any other human being
Total feedback
human speakers have the capacity to monitor what we say and how we say it
Specialization
speech is specifically designed for communication and serves no other purpose
Semanticity
humans can convey very specific messages with words having relatively stable relationships with the people, things, events, and concepts they represent
Arbitrariness
the words used to refer to the people, things, events and concepts in human experiences do not directly reflect their referents
Discreteness
feature which refers to the fact that each language is limited to a finite or discrete number of sounds, despite the human speech mechanism's ability to produce an incredibly wide range of noises and the assumption that each sound produced in one or more human languages has very specific characteristics that make it distinct or discrete
Displacement
humans can talk about things that are distance in time or space
Productivity
one of the most important design features of human communication; humans can be creative in their communication
Duality of patterning
although a language is restricted in the number of sounds it uses, these sounds can be combined in an infinite number of ways to produce an infinite variety of words, and the words of a language can be combined into an infinite variety of sentences
Traditional transmission
speech is instinctive in humans

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