Basic Language And Phonology Terminology Flashcard

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a system of abstract symbols and rule-governed structures, the specific conventions of which are learned; may be spoken, written, signed

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Language

a system of abstract symbols and rule-governed structures, the specific conventions of which are learned; may be spoken, written, signed

Phonology

the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes

Communication

the sending and receiving of information, ideas, feelings or messages

Receptive language (comprehension, decoding)

what a person understands of what is said

Expressive language (production, encoding)

the words, grammatical structures, and meanings that a person uses verbally

Pragmatics

the rules for the use of language in social context and in conversation or the study of these rules

Semantics

the study of the meaning system of language

Semantic Development

the acquisition of words and their many meanings and the development of that knowledge into a complex hierarchical network of associated meanings

Syntax

the rules by which sentences are made, such forms as passives, declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives

Morphology

the rules that govern the use of morphemes in a language; for instance the morphology of English requires that plural endings vary according to the last sound of the word stem

Morpheme

the smallest unit of language having a distinct meaning, for example, a prefix, root work, or suffix

Speech

the oral expression of language

Speech Perception

a person's attention to the phonemes, rhythm, prosody, and lexical features of a language

Lexical

relating to words or vocabulary, as distinct from grammatical forms and construction

Lexicon

refers to all morphemes, including words and parts of words, that a child knows

Phonation

the physiologic process in which energy of moving air in the vocal tract is transformed into acoustic energy within the larynx

Phoneme

the shortest arbitrary unit of sound in a language that can be recognized as being distinct from other sounds in the language

Resonation/ Resonace

the quality of the voice that results from the vibration of sound in the pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity

Articulation

movement of the speech mechanism (articulators: mandible, lips, tongue, and soft palate) to produce the sounds of speech

Respiration (ventilation, pulmonary, ventilation, breathing)

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment

Speech chain

has six steps or links that describe the process by which brains connect to communicate

Linguistics

scientific study of the structure and function of language and the rules that govern language

Prelingustic/ preverbal vocalizations

occurring before the infant can speak

Cognition

mental processes associated with perception (obtaining information about our world), organization and storage of information, conceptual understanding, learning, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

Perception

the ability to identify, interpret and attach meaning to sensory stimuli

Hearing

the perception of sound

Culture

the philosophies, values, attitudes, perceptions, religious and spiritual beliefs, educational values, language, customs, child-rearing practices, lifestyles and arts shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next

Auditory channel

hearing pathway

Neurological impulses

signals to/from the brain

Vocal-auditory channel

human beings communicate by forcing air through the vocal folds of the larynx and breaking the vibrating air stream into sounds of speech, which are organized into words and sentences that are received by the listener's ears

Broadcast transmission and Directional reception

when speech is produced, it radiates in all directions and can be received by any listener who is in range

Rapid fading

speech signals are transitory

Interchangeability

any human being can say anything that is said by any other human being

Total feedback

human speakers have the capacity to monitor what we say and how we say it

Specialization

speech is specifically designed for communication and serves no other purpose

Semanticity

humans can convey very specific messages with words having relatively stable relationships with the people, things, events, and concepts they represent

Arbitrariness

the words used to refer to the people, things, events and concepts in human experiences do not directly reflect their referents

Discreteness

feature which refers to the fact that each language is limited to a finite or discrete number of sounds, despite the human speech mechanism's ability to produce an incredibly wide range of noises and the assumption that each sound produced in one or more human languages has very specific characteristics that make it distinct or discrete

Displacement

humans can talk about things that are distance in time or space

Productivity

one of the most important design features of human communication; humans can be creative in their communication

Duality of patterning

although a language is restricted in the number of sounds it uses, these sounds can be combined in an infinite number of ways to produce an infinite variety of words, and the words of a language can be combined into an infinite variety of sentences

Traditional transmission

speech is instinctive in humans

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