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Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires., c. 530 B.C.E. A Persian ruler who captured Babylon. He was known for his mercy. He was tolerant of other religions and culture, and even incorporated different architectural styles into his buildings.
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Cyrus the Great
Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires., c. 530 B.C.E. A Persian ruler who captured Babylon. He was known for his mercy. He was tolerant of other religions and culture, and even incorporated different architectural styles into his buildings.
Zoroastrianism
Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Spring"; chief religion of Persian Empire; Persian religion that believed in two forces, one good, the light and the other one evil, the darkness and that you could chose which side to join. Ethical monotheism.,
Olympic Games
One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations
Pericles
Athenian political leader during 5th century bc.' guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War
Peloponnesian War
A protracted (431-404 B.C.E.) and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors and Persian financial support.
Philip II
Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 bc.; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered the rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority
Macedon
kingdom located in northern Greece; originally loosely organizedunder kings, became centralized under Philip II; served as basis for unifaction of unifaction of Greece and later Macedonian Empire.
Hellenistic Period
that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms
Alexandria
City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization
Roman Republic
The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies.
Punic Wars
a series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean
Carthage
Originally a Phoenician colony in Northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the Western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars against Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean
Julius Caesar
Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 B.C.E. by conservative senators
Augustus Caesar
Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome.
Diocletian
Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved tax administrations and tax collections
Constantine
Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion.
Direct Democracy
A system of government in which citizens participate directly rather than through elected representatives
Senate
Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elments of the Roman constitution
Consuls
Two chief executives of the Roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy.
Aristotle
Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world
Stoics
Hellenistic group of philosopher; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery
Plato
Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled.
Sophocles
Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex
Iliad
Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths
Odyssey
Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos
Doric
Along with Ionian and Corinthian; distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles
Ionic
Along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric but less than Corinthian
Corinthian
Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles.
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