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Buddha
creator of major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things.
Alexander the Great
356-323 b.c., king of Macedonia 336-323: conqueror of Greek city-states and of the Persian empire from Asia Minor and Egypt to India.
Himalayas
Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics.
Monsoon
a seasonal wind pattern crossing the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia that blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter
Aryan
Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society
Vedas
the most ancient Hindu scriptures, written in early Sanskrit and containing hymns, philosophy, and guidance on ritual for the priests of Vedic religion. Believed to have been directly revealed to seers among the early Aryans in India, and preserved by oral tradition, the four chief collections are the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda.
Mahabharata
Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form.
Ramayana
is an ancient Sanskrit epic thought to have been compiled between approximately 400 BCE and 200 CE. It tells the story of Lord Rāma, whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon (Rākshasa) king of Lanka, Rāvana. Thematically, the epic explores themes of human existence and the concept of dharma.
Upanishads
are regarded as part of the Vedas and as such form part of the Hindu scriptures. discuss philosophy, meditation, and the nature of God
Varnas
The social divisions of the Aryan Society that included from top to bottom: 1)priests (Brahmins), 2) rulers or warriors; 3) farmers, craftspeople, traders; 4) workers and servants (Sudras)
Untouchables
the lowest group of people in the caste system; they were deemed the most impure because of their work: butchers, gravediggers, collecters of trash; it was believed that eaven their touch endangered the ritual purity of others
Indra
Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.
Chandragupta
the founder of the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta succeeded in bringing together most of the Indian subcontinent. As a result, Chandragupta is considered the first unifier of India and the first genuine emperor of India.
Maurya
Dynasty established in Indian sub-continentin 4th century B.C.E. following invasion by Alexander the Great
Ashoka
(269-323 BCE); Chandragupta's grandson; gained control of all but India's southern tip; supporter of Buddhism; spread it throughout India but respected other religions; built extensive networks of roads;
Dharma
the caste position and career determined by a person's birth
Kushans
Dynasty that succeeded the Mauryas in northwestern India; sponsors of Buddhism; empire did not extend to Ganges River valley.
Guptas
Dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E.; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire.
Kautilya
Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare.
Guru
a Hindu or Buddhist religious leader and spiritual teacher
Vishnu
The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped
Shiva
The Brahman, later Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.
Reincarnation
the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives
Stupas
Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.
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