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a union of independent states,
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terms list
confederacy
a union of independent states,
constitution:
set of legal texts which defines the various institutions making up the State and which organizes their relations
commerce:
buying and selling goods (trade)
What was the first form of our national government?
A weak confederacy
For a law to pass, how many states had to agree?
9 out of 13 to pass a law
unanimous to amend
What were the powers of Congress under the Articles of Confederation?
engage in international diplomacy, declare war, and acquire territory, establish and maintain and army
What could Congress NOT do under the Articles?
It could not tax, and it could not control or interfere with trade between the individual states, cant raise army, cant tax people directly,cant create currency
Why was there no executive under the Articles?
they feared the return of tyranny
convention
a generally agreed-upon practice or attitude/ meetin
compromise
an agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions.
delegate
A person appointed or elected to represent others
Where did the Constitutional Convention meet in May, 1787?
philadelphia
Who served as president of the convention?
washington
What was the most serious task that the convention faced?
Creating an effective government to replace the articles of confederation (revising the articles)
Name two famous politicians who were absent from the convention.
jefferson and adams
bicameral
A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses
Unicameral
One-house legislature
Virginia Plan
-3 branches of gov
-bicameral legislature
-"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, one house determined by popuation
-seperation of powers
-national courts
New Jersey Plan
-The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.
- ntaional legislatire would only have limited powers
-no provision fr national courts
Great Compromise
agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation one equal rep and one by pop
senators are chosen by
state legislatures
representatives are chosen by
the people
Separation of Powers
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Executive
Enforces laws
pres and vice pres
Legislative Branch
Makes laws
house of reps and senate that make up cngress
Judicial branch
Interprets the laws
supreme court and inferior courts
Name three ways in which the powers of the United States are divided.
-
Why are the powers separated?
To ensure that each has own responsibilities and that no one branch gets too powerful, and that each branch is balanced
ratify
(v.) to approve, give formal approval to, confirm
amend
to change in a formal way; to change for the better
article
one of seven main divisions of the body of the Constitution
What do you think the sun represents in Franklin's quotation?
victry in the revolutionary war?
What is the purpose of the Preamble?
to state the purpose of the constitution (mission statement)
How many Articles are in the Constitution?
7
What is Article I about?
the legislative branch and its powers
What is Article II about?
Executive Branch
What is Article III about?
Judicial Branch
By whose power was the Constitution written?
people
Goals of the Constitution
form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, secure the blessings of liberty
own words: create a better nation than under the articles, ensure justice, nationa peace, defend the peope effectively, support peope economically
liberty, defense, welfare, tranquility, justice, unity
privelege
..., (n.) a special right, benefit, or permission
expel
to force to leave
What is the major duty of the legislative branch?
To make our country's laws
What two houses make up the Congress?
House of Representatives and Senate
When do its meetings begin?
3rd day of January every odd-numbered year
What is the name of the record of the meetings of Congress?
The Conressional Record
List two privileges of members of the United States Congress.*
they can use miitary hospitals for emergency care, cant be arrested during sessions
census
A complete enumeration of a population.
impeach
To accuse government officials of misconduct in office
How many representatives are there in the House of Representatives?
435
How many representatives does your state send to Washington, D.C.?
5 for CT
What are the three qualifications to be a representative?
inhabitat of the state they are elected to, citizen for 7 years, 25 years old
What is the term of office of a representative?
2 years
What is the title of the presiding officer of the House?*
the speaker of the house
The House begins the impeachment process by doing what?
drawing up charges and getting a majority approval
How many senators does each state send to Washington?
2
What is the total number of senators today?
100
What is the term of office of a senator?
6 years
What are the three requirements to be a senator?
30 years old, citizen for 9 years, resident of state
What are the titles of the two presiding officers of the Senate?*
Vice President and President pro tempor
Quorum
The minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress
adjourn
(v.) to stop proceedings temporarily; move to another place
How many representatives from the House of Representatives would need to be present in
order for there to be a quorum?*
218
What fraction of the Senate must agree to expel a member?
2/3 (67 members)
Where can you find the notes of the meetings of Congress?
congressiona record
What house is the only house to introduce bills to raise money?
house of reps
veto
Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature
override
An action taken by Congress to reverse a presidential veto, requiring a two-thirds majority in each chamber.
Where can a bill be introduced?
House of Representatives or Senate
Money bills must be introduced in which house?
House of Representatives
If a bill is approved by the House of Representatives, where must it go next?
senate
When both houses approve a bill, then where does it go?
president
If the President vetoes a bill, what process must happen for the bill to become a law?
2/3 override in both houses
If the veto is not overridden, what happens to the bill?*
it does not get passed and must be reintroduced
List and describe four powers given to the Congress by Article I, Section 8:
currency, regulate commerce, declare war, levy taxes, borrow money
What is the elastic clause?
a statement in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers.
enumerated powers
The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution.
ex: collect taxes for national defense
inherent powers
powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it
implied powers
Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution
Habeas Corpus
"you must have the body" literally
ensures that the persons arrest is lawful
Why does the Constitution prevent Congress from taking away our right of habeas
corpus?
because it protects people from unlawful imprisonment
What is a bill of attainder?
It is a legislative act allowing someone to be imprisoned without trial.
What is an ex post facto law?*
An ex post facto law is a law that punishes someone for an act that was committed before it was illegal.
example:
What is one other limit placed on the Congress?
It cannot tax products from a state.
What are two additional limitations placed on the states by the Constitution?
-
Delegated, Concurrent, and Reserved Powers
Delegated powers are powers given to the national government.
Concurrent powers are shared between the national government and the state government
Reserved powers are powers that are for the states.
execute
to carry out
executive
Enforces laws
If the legislative branch makes the laws, then the executive branch does what with the
laws?
enforces them
What is the title of the chief executive, or head, of the executive branch of the United
States? What is the name of the person who is currently in that office?
president
biden
What is the title of the second-in-command? What is that person's name today?
vice president harris
What is the job of the Electoral College?
A group of men and women who choose the President and Vice President
How many electoral votes does your state have today?
7
What was the original purpose of the Electoral College?
compromise between the election of a president by congress and his election by the people
Who chooses the President in the event of a tie?
House of Representatives
In the proper order of succession, who will take over in the event the President dies? List four
people.
VP, speaker of the house, president pro tempor of the senate, secretary of state, secretary of the treasury
When is a President elected?
When is a President inaugurated?
Why do you suppose there is a gap of time?
first monday in november,
january 20
smooth transfer of power
Who usually administers the oath of office to the President?
chief jstice
What are the five categories that the powers of the President can be put into?
military, business, foreign relations, political party, and laws
What is the President's responsibility to the United States Military?
a) What is his title?
b) What can he do?
commander in chief, makes all decisions regarding the army
What is the President's responsibility to the business aspect of the United States
government?
a) What is his title?
b) What can he do?
chief executive
implement policy, supervise the executive branch of government, prepare executive budget for submission to congress, and appoint and remove executive officials.
What is the President's responsibility to the aspect of foreign relations?
a) What is his title?
b) What can he do?
head diplomat
He travels to meet foreign leaders and also host other foreign dignitaries. He may also make peace treaties.
What is the President's responsibility to approve, disapprove, or suggest laws?
a) What is his title?
b) What can he do?
chief legislator
can suggest, approve or disapprove of laws from congress
What is the President's responsibility to his political party?
a) What is his title?
b) What can he do?
chief of party
He makes decisions regarding the make-up of his individual political party.
impeach
To accuse government officials of misconduct in office
Misdemeanor
(n.) a crime or offense that is less serious than a felony; any minor misbehavior or misconduct
bribery
when someone voluntarily offers payment to get an illegal advantage
treason
Betrayal of one's country
Which house of Congress begins the impeachment process?
house of reps
Which house of Congress acts as the jury and tries the case?
senate
Who acts as the judge at the impeachment trial of a President?
chief justice
In order for an official to be convicted, what fraction of the Senate needs to agree?*
2/3?
Who were the only two Presidents to have gone through the entire impeachment process?
When?**
andrew johnson and......? 1867 or jackson
At what point during the impeachment process did President Nixon resign? When?
President Nixon resigned during the first step of the impeachment process in 1974.
How many Presidents have been removed from office by being found guilty after the
impeachment process?
none
What are the four divisions of the executive branch?
1) The cabinet departments2) independent agencies3) regulatory agencies 4) government corporations
How many cabinet departments are there?
15 (the newest one is Homeland Security, established in 2001)
Which President created the Cabinet? When?
George Washington in 1789, he felt like he needed advisors.
Give an example of an independent agency.
NASA
Give an example of a government corporation.
United States Postal Service
Give an example of a regulatory commission.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
judicial appeal
to ask a higher court to reverse the decision of a trial court after final judgment or other legal ruling.
What is the job of the judicial branch?
interpret laws
What is the name of the highest, most important court in the United States?
supreme court
What are the titles of the men and women who serve on the high court?
justices
How many serve on the high court? How long do they serve?
9, for life
Who appoints the justices, and who must approve of them?
president
There are 91 _______ courts and 12 ______ courts that report to
the Supreme Court.
91 federal district courts
12 regional curcuit courts
Name two other courts that are part of the Federal judicial system.
US district court
US court of appeals
Jurisdiction
(n.) an area of authority or control; the right to administer justice
Article IV: The States
2. What issue does Article IV address?
3. What must the state of Oregon do about the laws of Idaho?
7. Under the Articles of Confederation, how could the relationship between the states be
described?
8. Under the Constitution, how could the new relationship between the states be described?
Amending the Constitution
1. Define: Amend, Ratify.
2. What issue does Article V address?
3. What two ways can an amendment be proposed?
4. What two ways can an amendment be ratified?
5. What fraction must propose an amendment, and what fraction must ratify an amendment?
-
List nine types of cases the Supreme and Federal Courts have jurisdiction over
1. the Constitution2. federal laws3. treaties4. laws governing ships5. ambassadors/public ministers6. the United States government7. two or more state governments8. citizens of different states9. a state or its citizens versus a foreign country or citizen
What is original jurisdiction?
when a case is heard for the first time
What is appellate jurisdiction?
when a case is heard for the second time
What is a writ of certiorari?
a formal request to the Supreme Court to hear a case
Unconcstitutional
against the words of the Constitution
treason
giving help to the nation's enemy
The process of checking the laws of our land is called...
judicial review
What does it mean when the Supreme Court declares a law "unconstitutional?"
it goes against the Constitution; that law is void because the Constitution comes first
Give an example of an act of treason.
being a double-agent for an enemy country
What must happen in court for a person to be convicted of treason?
wo witnesses must testify to the same story or the accused must confess in court
Republic
form of government in which the power rest with representatives elected by the the people.
Who is given the power to admit new states?
congress
Could Rhode Island, Vermont, and New Hampshire join together to form a new state?
yes, if the legislators of all 3 states and Congress approve they could.
What is a republican form of government?
A republican form of government is elected by the people.
Under the Articles of Confederation, how could the relationship between the states be
described?
Each state acted individually, it was like having 13 countries, instead of 1 united.
Under the Constitution, how could the new relationship between the states be described?
The states would not be happy with the rights they had to give up, but now each state has to respect the other states and their decisions
What issue does Article IV address?
the states
What must the state of Oregon do about the laws of Idaho?
The states must respect the laws and decisions of other states
amend
to change in a formal way; to change for the better
ratify
(v.) to approve, give formal approval to, confirm
What issue does Article V address?
A way for the Constitution to be amended
What two ways can an amendment be proposed?
1. Two-thirds of the Senate and House have to agree
2. Make a proposal through the Constitutional Convention
What two ways can an amendment be ratified?
1. Amendment is ratifies by 3/4 of the state legislatures. 2. Amendment is ratifies by 3/4 of the state conventions.
What fraction must propose an amendment, and what fraction must ratify an amendment?
2/3 and 3/4
Why did the framers include Article VI in the Constitution?
to confirm the authority of the Constitution
s it possible for the city of Chicago to make a treaty with the country of Germany? Why or why not?
No, because the constitution says only Congress can make treaties with other countries.
assembly
a group of people gathered together in one place for a common purpose.
petition
A formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority
quartering
lodging, housing
Why did Americans insist on adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution?
to protect the basic rights of all americans
What five freedoms does the First Amendment guarantee?
speech, religion, press, assembly, petition
What does the Second Amendment guarantee?
citizens the right to bare arms
What does the Third Amendment prohibit?
quartering
The First Amendment guarantees us freedom of speech. Do you think it's okay to scream
"Fire!" in a crowded theater when there is no fire? Why or why not?
clear and present danger
search warrant
document given by a judge to gather evidence
arrest warrant
document issued for the purpose of arresting someone accused of a crime
grand jury
group of people who decide if the person on trial is guilty or not
indictment
a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime
double jeopardy
When a person is tried twice for a crime
What amendment guarantees the right of due process of the law?
fifth
Which amendment protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures?
4
Which amendment protects people from being tried twice for the same crime?
5
Which amendment guarantees the right to a lawyer, even if a person can't afford one?
6
Which amendment protects someone from being a witness against himself
5
jury
a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law
What does the Seventh Amendment guarantee?
Right to trial by jury
what is excessive bail
Excessive Bail is being charged too much for the severity of the crime. (For example, bail for a DUI should not be the same as bail for a suspected murder)
What does the Eighth Amendment protect us from?
excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment
What would you consider cruel and unusual punishment?
-
What does the Ninth Amendment say about rights not listed in the Constitution?
rights not listed are given to the people
The power to set up school districts is not stated in the Constitution. Who has the authority
to create schools? What amendment gives them that power?
individual states, 10th
How does the Twelfth Amendment change how the President and Vice President are
elected?
electroral college casts 2 separate votes for pres and VP
What war was the Thirteenth Amendment a result of?
civil war
What does the Thirteenth Amendment abolish?
slavery
Under the Fourteenth Amendment, who is guaranteed the rights listed in the Constitution?
citizens of the US
Who was given suffrage with the Fifteenth Amendment?
african american men
The Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress the power to
Establish an income tax
Who elected the senators before the Seventeenth Amendment?
Who elects our senators now?
State legislatures
people
Which group of Americans was given suffrage with the Nineteenth Amendment?
women
What does the Twentieth Amendment change? Why?
The dates when elected officials took office, to shorten the President's "lame duck" period
According to the Twenty-second Amendment, for how many terms can one be elected
as President?
2
Who was given the right to vote by the Twenty-third Amendment?
Citizens who lived in the District of Columbia
What group was given suffrage with the Twenty-sixth Amendment?
Young people, lowered age to vote
What practice was outlawed by the Twenty-fourth Amendment?
poll tax
If a President dies and the Vice President takes over, what must happen to get a new Vice
President?
What amendment authorizes the above situation?
The new president appoints a new vice president and Congress must approve, 25th
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