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zaibatsu who ?
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zaibatsu is a pre-war business group in japan. Zaibatsu played an important role in the rapid industrialization of Japan from the late 19th century to the wwII. The 4 largest zaibatsu groups : mistubishi, mitsui,sumitomo,yasuda accounted for about 25% all japanese bisiness conbined
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zaibatsu who ?
zaibatsu is a pre-war business group in japan. Zaibatsu played an important role in the rapid industrialization of Japan from the late 19th century to the wwII. The 4 largest zaibatsu groups : mistubishi, mitsui,sumitomo,yasuda accounted for about 25% all japanese bisiness conbined
ownership structure of zaibatsu
zaibatsu ownership structure a pyramidal model. Zaibatsu family owned a large portion of the stock of the holding company. The holding campany owned a large portion of the stock of the subsidiary and affiliated companies
dissolution of zaibatsu after WWII
1.Zaibatsu became target of the economics reform policy by the super commander for Allied Powers after WWII 2. Zaibatsu were dissolved through the exproprition of all the securities holdings of individuals and companies and the purging of management personnel in companies
keiretsu background
after the San Francisco treaty in 1951, the companies which had been dissolved during SCAP (super commander for Allied Powers) occupation, were reassembled. The formation of buz groups has shifted from a vertical integrated structure of a Zaibatsu system to a horizontal orientation of large corporations without Zaibatsu family 's ownership
Types of Keiretsu
2 meanings: 1. kigyo shudan-horizontal keiretsu groups which is characterised by a horizontal oriented structure, based on the horizontal integration of large corporations which emerged as a result of the zaibatsu re-assembly 2.kigyo keiretsu -vertical keiretsu group, which is characterised by a vertical subcontracting structure btw a single company and its affiliates
the horizontal keiretsu groups
In the post war, 6 horizontal keiretsu were formed, the large Toshi ginko-city bank in the kigyo shudan have been playing a similar role to the zaibatsu holding companies. Each Keiketsu group has 1 firm in every sector in the organization
characteristics of the Horizontal keiretsu system
1. president's club-president of the member firms holds business meetings periodically 2. cross share holding 3. Intra-keiretsu lending
kigyo keiretsu-vertical keiretsu
inter-firm relationship btw a large corporation and its subsidiaries. The lead companies are not banks typically non-financial firms that have equity and other links to firms up and down production chain. Personnel and loans can flows from the lead company to these suppliers and distributors.
patterns for creation of vertical keiretsu
1. establishment of a new firm 2. Spin off- tach ra thanh 1 firm doc lap tu cty me 3. Merger 4. Grouping parts suppliers through supply networks
types of vertical keiretsu
1.production keiretsu: large manufacturers have created and merged with subsidiary firms in order to conduct an entire process of production 2. Distribution keiretsu: large Jp corporations control not only upstream with suppliers but also downstream with wholesalers and distributors
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